@article{Frisch99, author = {C. Frisch and R. U. Hasenohrl and J. P. Huston}, title = {Memory improvement by post-trial injection of lidocaine into the tuberomammillary nucleus, the source of neuronal histamine [In Process Citation]}, journal = {Neurobiol Learn Mem}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, pages = {69--77}, month = sep, year = {1999}, abstract = {Brain histamine is exclusively contained within and released from neurons whose cell bodies are clustered in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TM) of the posterior hypothalamus. This experiment examined the effects of a transient inactivation of the TM on inhibitory avoidance learning. Rats with chronically implanted cannulae were tested on a 1- trial step-through avoidance task. Immediately following training, the rats received unilateral intra-TM infusions (0.5 \&mgr;l) of lidocaine (5 or 20 \&mgr;g). Control groups included vehicle-injected rats and a group given an injection of 20 \&mgr;g lidocaine 5 h after training. When tested 24 h later, rats treated with 20 \&mgr;g lidocaine exhibited longer step-through latencies than vehicle-treated controls, indicative of superior learning of the task. The failure of the delayed post-trial injection of lidocaine to significantly influence step-through latencies indicates that the compound influenced learning by modulating memory storage processes rather than by acting on performance variables during retrieval of the task. Thus, inactivation of the TM by lidocaine can exert facilitatory effects on mnemonic processing, which might be related to a temporary reduction of histaminergic activity during the early phase of memory consolidation. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.} } @article{Infante98, author = {J. R. Infante and F. Peran and M. Martinez and A. Roldan and R. Poyatos and C. Ruiz and F. Samaniego and F. Garrido}, title = {ACTH and beta-endorphin in transcendental meditation}, journal = {Physiol Behav}, volume = {64}, number = {3}, pages = {311--5}, month = {Jun 1}, year = {1998}, keywords = {beta-Endorphin/*blood Adult Anxiety/physiopathology/psychology Corticotropin/*blood Female Human Hydrocortisone/blood Male Meditation/*psychology}, abstract = {We have evaluated the effect of Transcendental Meditation (TM) on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal axis diurnal rhythms through the determination of hormone levels. Blood samples were taken at 0900 hours. and at 2000 hours. These samples were taken from 18 healthy volunteers who regularly practice TM and from nine healthy non- meditators. Cortisol, beta-endorphin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were measured at both hours. TM practitioners showed no diurnal rhythm for ACTH and for beta-endorphin (ACTH, pg/mL, mean +/- SE; 13.8+/-1.2 - 12.1+/-1.5/beta-endorphin, pg/mL; 14.4+/-1.5 - 17.2+/-1.9, at 0900 hours and 2000 hours, respectively), in contrast to control subjects, who showed normal diurnal rhythm for these hormones and for cortisol (ACTH, pg/mL; 19.4+/-1.9 - 11.9+/-2.2/beta-endorphin, pg/mL; 25.4+/-1.7 - 17.7+/-1.1/Cortisol, ng/mL; 201.4+/-13.2 - 71.3+/-6.5, at 0900-2000 hours, respectively, p $<$ 0.01 in the three cases). Practitioners of TM with similar anxiety levels to those of the control group showed a different pattern in the daytime secretion of pituitary hormones. TM thus appears to have a significant effect on the neuroendocrine axis. Because cortisol levels had a normal pattern in the TM group, these results may be due to a change in feedback sensitivity caused by this mental technique.} } @article{Warburton98, author = {D. M. Warburton and G. Mancuso}, title = {Evaluation of the information processing and mood effects of a transdermal nicotine patch}, journal = {Psychopharmacology (Berl)}, volume = {135}, number = {3}, pages = {305--10}, month = feb, year = {1998}, keywords = {Administration, Cutaneous Adolescence Adult Affect/*drug effects Attention/drug effects Human Male Memory/drug effects Mental Processes/*drug effects Nicotine/administration \& dosage/adverse effects/*pharmacology Nicotinic Agonists/administration \& dosage/adverse effects/*pharmacology Psychomotor Performance/drug effects Reaction Time/drug effects}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to determine whether a transdermal nicotine patch will produce the same effects on performance and mood as cigarette smoking. The nicotine patch improved attentional processing and produced some improvements in memory. It produced the calming effects of smoking and induced feelings of happiness which were increased with smoking. These effects were obtained 6 h after application of the patch, showing that acute tolerance for these behavioural effects had not developed completely, if at all, after exposure to nicotine, although it is still possible that tolerance might occur with longer exposure.} @article{Clark99, author = {K. B. Clark and D. K. Naritoku and D. C. Smith and R. A. Browning and R. A. Jensen}, title = {Enhanced recognition memory following vagus nerve stimulation in human subjects}, journal = {Nat Neurosci}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {94--8}, month = jan, year = {1999}, keywords = {Double-Blind Method Electric Stimulation Therapy Epilepsy/psychology/therapy Human Language Memory/*physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vagus Nerve/*physiopathology}, abstract = {Neuromodulators associated with arousal modulate learning and memory, but most of these substances do not freely enter the brain from the periphery. In rodents, these neuromodulators act in part by initiating neural messages that travel via the vagus nerve to the brain, and electrical stimulation of the vagus enhances memory. We now extend that finding to human verbal learning. We examined word-recognition memory in patients enrolled in a clinical study evaluating the capacity of vagus nerve stimulation to control epilepsy. Stimulation administered after learning significantly enhanced retention. These findings confirm in humans the hypothesis that vagus nerve activation modulates memory formation similarly to arousal.} } @article{Clark99, author = {K. B. Clark and D. K. Naritoku and D. C. Smith and R. A. Browning and R. A. Jensen}, title = {Enhanced recognition memory following vagus nerve stimulation in human subjects}, journal = {Nat Neurosci}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {94--8}, month = jan, year = {1999}, keywords = {Double-Blind Method Electric Stimulation Therapy Epilepsy/psychology/therapy Human Language Memory/*physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vagus Nerve/*physiopathology}, abstract = {Neuromodulators associated with arousal modulate learning and memory, but most of these substances do not freely enter the brain from the periphery. In rodents, these neuromodulators act in part by initiating neural messages that travel via the vagus nerve to the brain, and electrical stimulation of the vagus enhances memory. We now extend that finding to human verbal learning. We examined word-recognition memory in patients enrolled in a clinical study evaluating the capacity of vagus nerve stimulation to control epilepsy. Stimulation administered after learning significantly enhanced retention. These findings confirm in humans the hypothesis that vagus nerve activation modulates memory formation similarly to arousal.} } @article{Clark98, author = {K. B. Clark and D. C. Smith and D. L. Hassert and R. A. Browning and D. K. Naritoku and R. A. Jensen}, title = {Posttraining electrical stimulation of vagal afferents with concomitant vagal efferent inactivation enhances memory storage processes in the rat}, journal = {Neurobiol Learn Mem}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, pages = {364--73}, month = nov, year = {1998}, keywords = {Animal Electric Stimulation/methods Learning/physiology Male Memory/*physiology Neurons, Afferent/*physiology Neurons, Efferent/*physiology Rats Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vagus Nerve/*physiology}, abstract = {Peripherally administered or released substances that modulate memory storage, but do not freely enter the brain, may produce their effects on memory by activating peripheral receptors that send messages centrally through the vagus nerve. Indeed, vagus nerve stimulation enhances memory performance, although it is unclear whether this effect is due to the activation of vagal afferents or efferents. To eliminate the possible influence of descending fibers on memory storage processes, rats were implanted with cuff electrode/catheter systems along the left cervical vagus. Forty-eight hours following surgery, each animal received a 3. 0-microliter infusion (1.0 microliter/min) of either lidocaine hydrochloride (75.0 mM) or isotonic saline below the point of stimulation. Animals were then trained 10 min later on an inhibitory-avoidance task with a 0.75-mA, 1.0-s foot shock. Sham stimulation or vagus nerve stimulation (0.5-ms biphasic pulses; 20.0 Hz; 30 s; 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mA) was administered immediately after training. Memory, tested 24 h later, was enhanced by stimulation whether descending vagus nerve fibers were inactivated or not. Both lidocaine- and saline-infused groups showed an intensity-dependent, inverted-U-shaped pattern of retention performance, with the greatest effect observed for 0.4 mA (U = 9, p $<$ .05, and U = 7, p $<$ .01, respectively). Additionally, animals that received lidocaine infusions, but no vagus nerve stimulation, showed impaired memory compared to the performance of saline-infused control animals (U = 11, p $<$ .05). Together, these findings suggest that vagal afferents carry messages about peripheral states that lead to the modulation of memory storage and that the memory-enhancing effect produced by vagus nerve stimulation is not mediated via the activation of vagal efferents. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.} } } @article{Parent99, author = {M. B. Parent and M. K. Habib and G. B. Baker}, title = {Task-dependent effects of the antidepressant/antipanic drug phenelzine on memory}, journal = {Psychopharmacology (Berl)}, volume = {142}, number = {3}, pages = {280--8}, month = mar, year = {1999}, keywords = {Animal Antidepressive Agents/*pharmacology Antimanic Agents/pharmacology Avoidance Learning/drug effects GABA/metabolism Male Maze Learning/drug effects Memory/*drug effects Neurochemistry Phenelzine/*pharmacology Psychomotor Performance/drug effects Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, abstract = {Phenelzine (PLZ) is a non-selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor commonly used to treat depression and panic disorder. In addition to increasing levels of biogenic amines in the brain, PLZ elevates brain levels of the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA; Baker et al. 1991; present study). Given the extensive evidence implicating biogenic amines and GABA in mnemonic processes, PLZ may affect learning and memory. To investigate this possibility, male Sprague-Dawley rats were given PLZ sulfate (15 or 30 mg/kg, based on free base weight) 2 h prior to training in a continuous multiple trial inhibitory avoidance (CMIA) and spatial water maze task. Retention was assessed 48 h later. The results indicated that PLZ enhanced CMIA and impaired water maze retention performance. Compared to control rats, rats given PLZ took significantly longer to re-enter the shock compartment and swam longer distances before reaching the escape platform on the retention tests. These effects of PLZ did not appear to be the result of PLZ-induced changes in acquisition or retrieval processes, activity levels, or footshock sensitivity. Combined, these findings indicate that PLZ influences memory in a task-dependent manner. These differential effects of PLZ may be the result of contrasting influences of GABA and biogenic amines on memory.} } @article{Kenemans98, author = {J. L. Kenemans and M. N. Verbaten}, title = {Caffeine and visuo-spatial attention}, journal = {Psychopharmacology (Berl)}, volume = {135}, number = {4}, pages = {353--60}, month = feb, year = {1998}, keywords = {Adult Attention/*drug effects Caffeine/*pharmacology Central Nervous System Stimulants/*pharmacology Cues Human Reaction Time/drug effects Space Perception/*drug effects Visual Perception/*drug effects}, abstract = {The effects of two doses of caffeine (1.5 and 3 mg/kg) on various aspects of visual selective attention were investigated in 24 healthy human subjects. Specific task conditions were compared to provide measures of selectivity for a location in the visual field, of distractibility, of selectivity among response alternatives, and of strategic influences. In two out of three tasks, caffeine speeded responses significantly. However, these effects did not differ across conditions within-task, so there was no indication that they were to due to (a) specific effect(s) on one or more of the attentional sub- functions. The results suggest that the beneficial effects of caffeine in low-load conditions cannot be attributed to reduced distractibility or increased suppression of task-irrelevant response tendencies.} } @article{Bernhardt98, author = {P. C. Bernhardt and Dabbs, Jr, J. M. and J. A. Fielden and C. D. Lutter}, title = {Testosterone changes during vicarious experiences of winning and losing among fans at sporting events}, journal = {Physiol Behav}, volume = {65}, number = {1}, pages = {59--62}, month = aug, year = {1998}, keywords = {Adult Basketball Brazil Georgia Human Italy Male Saliva/metabolism Self Concept Soccer Sports/*physiology/*psychology Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Testosterone/*metabolism}, abstract = {Basking in reflected glory, in which individuals increase their self- esteem by identifying with successful others, is usually regarded as a cognitive process that can affect behavior. It may also involve physiological processes, including changes in the production of endocrine hormones. The present research involved two studies of changes in testosterone levels among fans watching their favorite sports teams win or lose. In the first study, participants were eight male fans attending a basketball game between traditional college rivals. In the second study, participants were 21 male fans watching a televised World Cup soccer match between traditional international rivals. Participants provided saliva samples for testosterone assay before and after the contest. In both studies, mean testosterone level increased in the fans of winning teams and decreased in the fans of losing teams. These findings suggest that watching one's heroes win or lose has physiological consequences that extend beyond changes in mood and self-esteem.} } @Article{Oneill99, author = {J.O O'Neill and I.J Fitten and D.W. Siembieda and K.C. Crawford and E. Halgren and A. Fisher and D. Refai}, title = {Divided attention-enhancing effects of AF102B and THA in aging monkeys}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = 1999, volume = 143, pages = {123--130} } @Article{Green97, author = {Michael W. Green and Nicola A. Elliman and Peter J. Rogers}, title = {The effects of food deprivation and incentive motivation on blood glucose levels and cognitive function}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = 1997, volume = 134, pages = {88--94} } @Article{Prendergast98, author = {Mark A. Prendergast and William J. Jackson and Alvin V. Terry Jr. and Michael W. Decker and Stephen P. Arnetic and Jerry J. Buccafusco}, title = {Central nicotinic receptor agonists ABT-418, ABT-089 and (-)-nicotine reduce distractibility in adult monkeys}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = 1998, volume = 136, pages = {50--58} } @Article{Doty98, author = {Richard L. Doty and Cheng Li and Ritu Bagla and William Huang and Cheryl Pfeiffer and Gary M. Broscic}, title = {SKF 38393 enhances odor detection performance}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = 1998, volume = 136, pages = {75--82} } @Article{Winder98, author = {Rachel Winder and Jo Borril}, title = {Fuels for memory: the role of oxygen and glucose in memory enhancement}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = 1998, volume = 136, pages = {349--356} } @Article{Lansdowne98, author = {Allen T.G. Lansdowne and Stephen C. Provost}, title = {Vitamin D_3 enhances mood in healthy dubjects during winter}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = 1998, volume = 135, pages = {319--323} } @Article{Taghzouti99, author = {K. Taghzouti and I. Lena and F Dellu and B.P. Roques and V. Dauge and H. Simon}, title = {Cognitive enhancing effects in young and old rats of pBC_{264}, a selective CCK_{B} receptor agonist}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = 1999, volume = 143, pages = {141--149} } @InProceedings{Benton97, author = {David Benton}, title = {Can you control your mood with carbohydrates?}, booktitle = {Value of pleasures and Questions of Guilt Workshop}, year = 1997, annote = {There is a conflict between the action of many people who take a sugar based snack to keep alert and maintain energy, and the views of Wurtman that an intake of a high level of carbohydrate, rather than protein, will increase serotonin synthesis in the brain, producing a calming effect. The data on which the views of Wurtman depend will be discussed. Three studies will be described in which the taking of a glucose drink was associated with short-term reports of feeling less tense and more energetic. A review of the literature finds that the intake of carbohydrate is associated at a later stage with feelings of decreased energy. The measurement of mood changes in the laboratory may not necessarily generalise to real life situations. In three studies mood was monitored while performing cognitively demanding tasks: the taking of a glucose containing drink was found to prevent a fall in ratings of arousal. It was concluded that maintaining blood glucose levels do not increase feelings of arousal but rather prevent their decline under demanding conditions. http://www.arise.org/bentab2.html} } @Article{Riedel99, author = {Wim J. Riedel and Tineke Klaasen and Nicolaas E.P. Deutz and Astrid van Someren and Herman M. van Praag}, title = {Tryptophan depletion in normal volunteers produces selective impairment in memory consolidation}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = 1999, volume = 141, pages = {362--369} } @Article{Bjork99, author = {James M. Bjork and Donald M. Dougherty and F. Gerald Moeller and Don R. Cherek and Alan C. Swann}, title = {The effects of tryptophan depletion and loading on laboratory aggression in men: time course and a food restricted-control}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = 1999, volume = 142, pages = {24--30} } @article{Meck97a, author = {W. H. Meck and C. L. Williams}, title = {Perinatal choline supplementation increases the threshold for chunking in spatial memory}, journal = {Neuroreport}, volume = {8}, number = {14}, pages = {3053--9}, month = {Sep 29}, year = {1997}, keywords = {Animal *Dietary Supplements Female Maze Learning/*physiology Memory, Short-Term/*physiology Perinatal Care/*methods Rats Reproducibility of Results Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.}, abstract = {Chunking and perinatal choline supplementation each provide rats with alternative memory processing advantages. Evidence from radial-arm maze performance of adult (2- to 5-month-old) rats indicates that chunking of multiple food types (sunflower seeds, Noyes pellets and rice puffs) emerges for stable, differentiable baiting patterns as a function of the memory load (6, 12, 18 or 24 maze arms). The number of maze arms appeared to determine both the level of task difficulty at which rats began to implement a chunking strategy as well as when they were unable to successfully implement such a strategy due to the excess memorial demands of the task. In comparison to control rats, rats treated perinatally with choline supplementation displayed a horizontal rightward shift of the response function that related level of clustering of like-food types to the number of maze arms. These results indicate a higher threshold for implementing a chunking strategy in rats treated perinatally with choline supplementation, possibly due to a choline-induced increase in memory capacity.} } @article{Meck97b, author = {W. H. Meck and C. L. Williams}, title = {Characterization of the facilitative effects of perinatal choline supplementation on timing and temporal memory}, journal = {Neuroreport}, volume = {8}, number = {13}, pages = {2831--5}, month = {Sep 8}, year = {1997}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance Animal Choline/*pharmacology *Dietary Supplements Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Male Memory/*drug effects Nicotine/pharmacology Nicotinic Agonists/*pharmacology Nootropic Agents/*pharmacology Perinatal Care/*methods Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Time Factors}, abstract = {Perinatal choline supplementation can improve performance on a variety of spatial memory tasks in adulthood. In order to extend these studies, we have investigated the effects of perinatal choline supplementation on the performance of a peak-interval timing task in which a 20 s temporal criterion was trained for a visual signal in adult (3-6 months old) rats. Following 5 weeks of baseline training, rats received systemic injections of nicotine (0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline prior to testing on the peak-interval timing task. The results indicated that perinatal choline supplementation increased rats' sensitivity to the 20 s temporal criterion during baseline training and facilitated the clock speed enhancing effects of nicotine during drug testing. The present study extends the types of long-term cognitive enhancement produced by perinatal choline supplementation to include the temporal processing domain and relates these effects to modifications in cholinergic function.} } @Article{Norlander96, author = {Torsten Norlander, Roland Gustafson}, title = {Effects of Alcohol on Scientific Thought During the Incubation Phase of the Creative Process}, journal = {The Journal of Creative Behavior}, year = 1996, volume = 30, number = 4, pages = {231--248} } @article{Benton97, author = {D. Benton and R. Griffiths and J. Haller}, title = {Thiamine supplementation mood and cognitive functioning}, journal = {Psychopharmacology (Berl)}, volume = {129}, number = {1}, pages = {66--71}, month = jan, year = {1997}, keywords = {Adult Affect/*drug effects Female Human Memory/*drug effects Reaction Time/*drug effects Thiamine/*pharmacology}, abstract = {One hundred and twenty young adult females took either a placebo or 50 mg thiamine, each day for 2 months. Before and after taking the tablets, mood, memory and reaction times were monitored. An improvement in thiamine status was associated with reports of being more clearheaded, composed and energetic. The taking of thiamine had no influence on memory but reaction times were faster following supplementation. These influences took place in subjects whose thiamine status, according to the traditional criterion, was adequate.} } @article{Boccia99, author = {M. M. Boccia and S. R. Kopf and C. M. Baratti}, title = {Phlorizin, a competitive inhibitor of glucose transport, facilitates memory storage in mice [In Process Citation]}, journal = {Neurobiol Learn Mem}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, pages = {104--12}, month = jan, year = {1999}, abstract = {Posttraining intraperitoneal administration of phlorizin (3.0-300.0 \&mgr;g/kg), a competitive inhibitor of glucose transport from blood to brain, facilitated 48-h retention, in male Swiss mice, of a one-trial step-through inhibitory avoidance task. The dose-response curve was an inverted-U shape. Phlorizin did not increase the retention latencies of mice that had not received a foot shock during training. The effects of phlorizin (30.0 \&mgr;g/kg) on retention were time dependent, and the administration of phlorizin (30.0 \&mgr;g/kg) 5 or 10 min prior to the retention test did not affect the retention performance of mice given posttraining injections of saline or phlorizin (30.0 \&mgr;g/kg). These findings indicate that phlorizin influenced memory storage, but not memory retrieval. Finally, the simultaneous administration of phlorizin (3. 0-300.0 \&mgr;g/kg, ip) antagonized, in a dose-related manner, the memory impairment induced by insulin (8 IU/kg, ip). Taken together, the results show that phlorizin enhance retention acting as a "glucose-like substance" although the mechanism(s) of this enhancement is unknown. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.} } @Article{Durlach98, author = {Paula J. Durlach}, title = {The effects of a low dose of caffeine on cognitive performance}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = 1998, volume = 140, pages = {116-119} } @Article{Mumenthaler98, author = {Martin S. Mumenthaler AND Joy L. Taylor AND Ruth O'Hara AND Jerome A. Yesavage}, title = {Influence of nicotine on simulator flight performance in non-smokers}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = 1998, volume = 140, pages = {38--41} } @article{Moss98, author = {M. C. Moss and A. B. Scholey and K. Wesnes}, title = {Oxygen and cognitive performance: the temporal relationship between hyperoxia and enhanced memory}, journal = {Psychopharmacology (Berl)}, volume = {140}, pages = {123--126}, year = {1998}, keywords = {Adult Attention/*drug effects Cognition/*drug effects Comparative Study Cross-Over Studies Double-Blind Method Female Human Male Memory/*drug effects Middle Age Oxygen/*pharmacology}, abstract = {It was recently demonstrated that oxygen administration can improve performance on a simple word recall task in healthy young adults. This study was aimed at determining the impact of various durations of oxygen administration on a wider range of cognitive measures. This was achieved using the Cognitive Drug Research computerised test battery, and employing a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Over a period of 7 weeks, 20 participants were trained and subsequently assessed on the test battery under several durations of oxygen inhalation; air administered in an identical fashion served as a control. The results provided support for our earlier work in that increases were found in both immediate and delayed word recall. In addition, oxygen administration significantly improved performance on several measures of attention and vigilance. Simple reaction time, choice reaction time, digit vigilance reaction time and picture recognition reaction time were improved in a manner which depended on the duration of oxygen inspired. With the exception of word recall, no significant improvements were found for any measure of accuracy, nor were word recognition, digit memory scanning, or spatial memory improved. These results are discussed in the context of stages of information processing and are consistent with the hypothesis that cognitive performance is "fuel-limited" and can be differentially augmented by increasing the availability of the brain's metabolic resources.} } @article{Levin98, author = {E. D. Levin and C. K. Conners and D. Silva and S. C. Hinton and W. H. Meck and J. March and J. E. Rose}, title = {Transdermal nicotine effects on attention [In Process Citation]}, journal = {Psychopharmacology (Berl)}, volume = {140}, number = {2}, pages = {135--41}, month = nov, year = {1998}, abstract = {Nicotine has been shown to improve attentiveness in smokers and attenuate attentional deficits in Alzheimer's disease patients, schizophrenics and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current study was conducted to determine whether nicotine administered via transdermal patches would improve attentiveness in non- smoking adults without attentional deficits. The subjects underwent the nicotine and placebo exposure in a counterbalanced double-blind manner. Measures of treatment effect included the Profile of Mood States (POMS), Conners' computerized Continuous Performance Test (CPT) of attentiveness and a computerized interval-timing task. The subjects were administered a 7 mg/day nicotine transdermal patch for 4.5 h during a morning session. Nicotine significantly increased self- perceived vigor as measured by the POMS test. On the CPT, nicotine significantly decreased the number of errors of omission without causing increases in either errors of commission or correct hit reaction time. Nicotine also significantly decreased the variance of hit reaction time and the composite measure of attentiveness. This study shows that, in addition to reducing attentional impairment, nicotine administered via transdermal patches can improve attentiveness in normal adult non-smokers.} } @article{Levin98, author = {E. D. Levin and B. B. Simon}, title = {Nicotinic acetylcholine involvement in cognitive function in animals}, journal = {Psychopharmacology (Berl)}, volume = {138}, number = {3-4}, pages = {217--30}, month = aug, year = {1998}, keywords = {Acetylcholine/*physiology/therapeutic use Animal Attention/drug effects Cognition/drug effects/*physiology Human Memory/drug effects Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacology/therapeutic use Receptors, Neurotransmitter/drug effects Receptors, Nicotinic/drug effects/*metabolism}, abstract = {Nicotinic cholinergic systems are involved with several important aspects of cognitive function including attention, learning and memory. Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are located in many regions of the brain, including areas important for cognitive function such as the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Nicotinic agonists have been found in rodent and non-human primate studies to improve performance on a variety of memory tasks. In a complementary fashion, nicotinic antagonists such as mecamylamine impair working memory function. In humans, similar effects have been seen. Nicotinic agonist treatment can improve attention, learning and memory and nicotinic antagonist treatment can cause deficits. To define the neural substrates of nicotinic involvement in cognitive function, three areas of investigation are underway. 1) Critical neuroanatomic loci for nicotinic effects are beginning to be determined. The hippocampus, frontal cortex and midbrain dopaminergic nuclei have been found to be important sites of action for nicotinic involvement in memory function. 2) Nicotinic receptor subtype involvement in cognitive function is being studied. There has been considerable recent work identifying nicotinic receptor subunit conformation including alpha and beta subunits. Nicotinic receptor subtypes appear to be associated with different functional systems; however, much remains to be done to determine the precise role each subtype plays in terms of cognitive function. 3) Nicotinic interactions with other transmitter systems are being assessed. Nicotine receptors interact in important ways with other systems to affect cognitive functioning, including muscarinic ACh, dopamine, norepinepherine, serotonin, glutamate, and other systems. Nicotinic function in clinical populations and potential for therapeutics has been investigated for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Areas which need to receive greater attention are the exact anatomical location and the specific receptor subtypes critically involved in nicotine's effects. In addition, more work needs to be done to develop and determine the efficacy and safety of novel nicotinic ligands for use in the long-term treatment of human cognitive disorders.} } @article{Hindmarch98, author = {I. Hindmarch and P. T. Quinlan and K. L. Moore and C. Parkin}, title = {The effects of black tea and other beverages on aspects of cognition and psychomotor performance}, journal = {Psychopharmacology (Berl)}, volume = {139}, number = {3}, pages = {230--8}, month = oct, year = {1998}, abstract = {Nineteen healthy volunteers ingested 400 ml black tea, coffee, caffeinated water, decaffeinated tea or plain water on three occasions through the day (0900, 1400 and 1900 hours). A 2 x 2 factorial design with caffeine (0, 100 mg) and beverage type (water, tea) was employed, with coffee (100 mg caffeine) as a positive internal control, based on a five-way crossover. A psychometric test battery comprising critical flicker fusion (CFF), choice reaction time (CRT), short-term memory (STM) and subjective sedation (LARS) was performed at regular intervals throughout the day, and intensively so immediately following each beverage. Consumption of tea compared to water was associated with transient improvements in performance (CFF) within 10 min of ingestion and was not affected by the time of day. Caffeine ingestion was associated with a rapid (10 min) and persistent reduction in subjective sedation values (LARS), again independent of time of day, but did not acutely alter CFF threshold. Over the whole day, consumption of tea rather than water, and of caffeinated compared to decaffeinated beverages, largely prevented the steady decline in alertness (LARS) and cognitive capacity observed with water ingestion. The effects of tea and coffee were similar on all measures, except that tea consumption was associated with less variation in CFF over the whole day. No significant treatment effects were apparent in the data for the STM. Tea ingestion is associated with rapid increases in alertness and information processing capacity and tea drinking throughout the day largely prevents the diurnal pattern of performance decrements found with the placebo (no caffeine) condition. It appears that the effects of tea and coffee were not entirely due to caffeine per se; other factors either intrinsic to the beverage (e.g. sensory attributes or the presence of other biologically active substances) or of a psychological nature (e.g. expectancy) are likely to play a significant role in mediating the responses observed in this study.} } @article{Smith99, author = {C. A. Smith and C. A. McCleary and G. A. Murdock and T. W. Wilshire and D. K. Buckwalter and P. Bretsky and L. Marmol and R. L. Gorsuch and J. G. Buckwalter}, title = {Lifelong estrogen exposure and cognitive performance in elderly women [In Process Citation]}, journal = {Brain Cogn}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, pages = {203--18}, month = apr, year = {1999}, abstract = {Fluctuating endogenous and exogenous estrogens influence cognition in women. In this study, cognitive functioning in elderly women was examined by applying methodology used in understanding the effects of chronic estrogen exposure on hormone-sensitive tissue other than the brain. An index, combining menstrual, reproductive, and physical markers associated with estrogen levels, was developed for elderly, nondemented, predominantly Caucasian women (n = 87). This index related to better performance on two verbal factors, one attentional and one global in nature. Findings suggest that estrogen exposure across the life span plays a role in brain aging. Possible physiological mechanisms for this effect are discussed. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.} } @article{Valouskova99, author = {V. Valouskova and A. Gschanes}, title = {Effects of NGF, b-FGF, and cerebrolysin on water maze performance and on motor activity of rats: short- and long-term study [In Process Citation]}, journal = {Neurobiol Learn Mem}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, pages = {132--49}, month = mar, year = {1999}, abstract = {The effects of 14-day treatments with nerve growth factor (NGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF), or the peptidergic drug Cerebrolysin on postlesion acquisition of a water maze task and on motor activity were evaluated. Rats were tested in the Morris water maze 14 days (early test) and 7 to 8 months (delayed test) after a bilateral lesion of the frontoparietal (sensorimotor) cortex. Only the rats treated with Cerebrolysin performed the water maze task at the level of the nonlesioned controls in the early test. No short-term effect of NGF (6.5 ng/14 days; 38 ng/ml) or b-FGF (17 ng/14 days; 100 ng/ml) treatment was found. The delayed test revealed that water maze performance was restored in rats treated with b-FGF in comparison with intact controls. The data showed that b-FGF can support or initiate processes in the CNS that lead to a delayed functional amelioration and/or compensation for a water maze performance deficit. NGF did not influence the acquisition impairment caused by a sensorimotor cortical lesion. Two-week administration of Cerebrolysin had a time-dependent influence: it attenuated the acquisition deficit and increased the motor activity of rats, both effects declined to the level of lesioned controls within 8 months. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.} } @article{Smith99, author = {C. A. Smith and C. A. McCleary and G. A. Murdock and T. W. Wilshire and D. K. Buckwalter and P. Bretsky and L. Marmol and R. L. Gorsuch and J. G. Buckwalter}, title = {Lifelong estrogen exposure and cognitive performance in elderly women [In Process Citation]}, journal = {Brain Cogn}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, pages = {203--18}, month = apr, year = {1999}, abstract = {Fluctuating endogenous and exogenous estrogens influence cognition in women. In this study, cognitive functioning in elderly women was examined by applying methodology used in understanding the effects of chronic estrogen exposure on hormone-sensitive tissue other than the brain. An index, combining menstrual, reproductive, and physical markers associated with estrogen levels, was developed for elderly, nondemented, predominantly Caucasian women (n = 87). This index related to better performance on two verbal factors, one attentional and one global in nature. Findings suggest that estrogen exposure across the life span plays a role in brain aging. Possible physiological mechanisms for this effect are discussed. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.} } @article{Miles98, author = {C. Miles and R. Green and G. Sanders and M. Hines}, title = {Estrogen and memory in a transsexual population [In Process Citation]}, journal = {Horm Behav}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {199--208}, month = oct, year = {1998}, abstract = {The association between administered estrogen and performance on verbal memory and other cognitive tasks was examined. Male-to-female transsexuals undergoing estrogen treatment for sex reassignment (n = 29) scored higher on Paired Associate Learning (PAL) compared to a similar transsexual control group, awaiting estrogen treatment (n = 30) (P $<$ 0.05). No differences between groups receiving and not receiving estrogen were detected on a control memory task (Digit Span) or on other cognitive tasks including Mental Rotations and Controlled Associations. There were no group differences in age. Group differences in mood or in general intellectual ability also did not explain the findings. Results suggest a specific influence of estrogen in men on verbal memory tasks, similar to that seen in prior studies of women. They are discussed in terms of differential processing demands of the two memory tasks and possible differences between estrogenic influences on Mental Rotations and Controlled Associations in men versus women. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.} } @article{Resnick98, author = {S. M. Resnick and P. M. Maki and S. Golski and M. A. Kraut and A. B. Zonderman}, title = {Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on PET cerebral blood flow and neuropsychological performance}, journal = {Horm Behav}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {171--82}, month = oct, year = {1998}, abstract = {Reports that estrogen may protect against age-associated memory decline and Alzheimer's Disease have kindled interest in the effects of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on cognition and brain function. As part of a 9-year study in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, we are performing annual magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), and neuropsychological assessments to examine brain structure and function in individuals aged 55 and older. PET measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) are obtained under 3 conditions: rest and verbal and figural delayed recognition memory tasks. Fifteen women receiving ERT (with or without the addition of progesterone) were compared with a matched sample of 17 untreated women. There were no significant differences between groups in regional brain volumes or ventricular size. However, ERT users and nonusers showed significant differences in PET-rCBF relative activation patterns during the memory tasks. During verbal memory processing, there were significant interactions in rCBF activations for the right parahippocampal gyrus, right precuneus, right frontal regions, and left hypothalamus. During figural memory processing, significant interactions were observed for right parahippocampal and inferior parietal regions and for left visual association and anterior thalamic regions. ERT users also showed better performance on neuropsychological tests of figural and verbal memory and on some aspects of the PET activation tests, although the two groups did not differ in education, overall verbal ability, or performance on other neuropsychological tests. These findings confirm our previous observation of the beneficial effects of ERT on figural memory. Moreover, differences in rCBF activation patterns between ERT users and nonusers suggest an area for future research to examine mechanisms through which ERT may influence memory and other cognitive abilities. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.} } @article{Packard98, author = {M. G. Packard}, title = {Posttraining estrogen and memory modulation [In Process Citation]}, journal = {Horm Behav}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {126--39}, month = oct, year = {1998}, abstract = {The present paper provides a review of recent research carried out in this laboratory investigating the effects of posttraining peripheral and intrahippocampal injection of estradiol on memory in rats, and estradiol-acetylcholine interactions in memory modulation. Ovariectomized rats received an eight-trial training session in a hippocampal-dependent hidden platform water maze task. Immediately following training, rats received a posttraining peripheral or intrahippocampal injection of estradiol-cyclodextrin complex or vehicle. Twenty-four hours later rats were returned to the maze for a retention test session, and latency to escape was used as a measure of memory for the previous day's training. Peripheral posttraining injection of estradiol enhances memory relative to vehicle-treated rats. Injections of estradiol given 2 h posttraining has no effect on retention, indicating a time-dependent effect of estradiol on memory storage processes. A time-dependent memory enhancing effect of posttraining intrahippocampal injections of estradiol has also been observed in both male and ovariectomized female rats. The memory enhancing effect of peripheral posttraining injection of estradiol in ovariectomized rats is blocked by a subeffective dose of the acetylcholine muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine, suggesting that estradiol interacts with cholinergic systems in memory modulation. Concurrent peripheral posttraining injection of a subeffective dose of estradiol and a subeffective dose of the cholinergic agonist oxotremorine produces a synergistic memory enhancing effect. The findings suggest that: (1) estradiol selectively influences memory storage independent of an effect on nonmnemonic processes, (2) the hippocampus is a potential neuroanatomical site of action mediating estrogenic effects on memory, and (3) estradiol interacts with cholinergic systems in memory modulation. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.} } @Misc{Allain98, author = {H. Allain, A. Lieury, S. Lebreton, D. Bentue-Ferrer, J.M. Reymann}, title = {Drugs and Human Memory}, howpublished = {http://www.med.univ-rennes1.fr/galesne/pharmaco/indexGB.htm}, year = 1998, annote = {Part of site medical a l'usage des etudiants, http://www.med.univ-rennes1.fr/galesne/index4.htm} } @article{Lynch98, author = {G. Lynch}, title = {Memory and the Brain: Unexpected Chemistries and a New Pharmacology}, journal = {Neurobiol Learn Mem}, volume = {70}, number = {1/2}, pages = {82--100}, month = jul, year = {1998}, abstract = {Efforts to characterize long-term potentiation (LTP) and to identify its substrates have led to the discovery of novel synaptic chemistries, computational algorithms, and, most recently, pharmacologies. Progress has also been made in using LTP to develop a "standard model" of how unusual, but physiologically plausible, levels of afferent activity create lasting changes in the operating characteristics of synapses in the cortical telencephalon. Hypotheses of this type typically distinguish induction, expression, and consolidation stages in the formation of LTP. Induction involves a sequence consisting of theta- type rhythmic activity, suppression of inhibitory currents, intense synaptic depolarization, NMDA receptor activation, and calcium influx into dendritic spines. Calcium-dependent lipases, kinases, and proteases have been implicated in LTP induction. Regarding the last group, it has been recently reported that theta pattern stimulation activates calpain and that translational suppression of the protease blocks potentiation. It is thus likely that proteolysis is readily driven by synaptic activity and contributes to structural reorganization. LTP does not interact with treatments that affect transmitter release, has a markedly differential effect on the currents mediated by colocalized AMPA vs NMDA synaptic receptors, changes the waveform of the synaptic current, modifies the effects of drugs that modulate AMPA receptors, and is sensitive to the subunit composition of those receptors. These results indicate that LTP is expressed by changes in AMPA receptor operations. LTP is accompanied by modifications in the anatomy of synapses and spines, something which accounts for its extreme duration (weeks). As with various types of memory, LTP requires about 30 min to consolidate (become resistant to disruption). Consolidation involves adhesion chemistries and, in particular, activation of integrins, a class of transmembrane receptors that control morphology in numerous cell types. Platelet activating factor and adenosine may contribute to consolidation by regulating the engagement of latent integrins. How consolidation stabilizes LTP expression is a topic of intense investigation but probably involves modifications to one or more of the following: membrane environment of AMPA receptors; access of regulatory proteins (e.g., kinases, proteases) to the receptors; receptor clustering; and space available for receptor insertion. Attempts to enhance LTP have focused on the induction phase and resulted in a class of centrally active drugs ("ampakines") that positively modulate AMPA receptors. These compounds promote LTP in vivo and improve the encoding of variety of memory types in animals. Positive results have also been obtained in preliminary studies with humans. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.} } @article{Kopf98, author = {S. R. Kopf and M. M. Boccia and C. M. Baratti}, title = {AF-DX 116, a presynaptic muscarinic receptor antagonist, potentiates the effects of glucose and reverses the effects of insulin on memory [In Process Citation]}, journal = {Neurobiol Learn Mem}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, pages = {305--13}, month = nov, year = {1998}, abstract = {Male Swiss mice were tested 24 h after training in a one-trial step- through inhibitory avoidance task. Low subeffective doses of d-(+)- glucose (10 mg/kg, ip), but not its stereoisomer l-(-)-glucose (30 mg/kg, ip), administered immediately after training, and AF-DX 116 (0.3 mg/kg, ip), a presynaptic muscarinic receptor antagonist, given 10 min after training, interact to improve retention. Insulin (8 IU/kg, ip) impaired retention when injected immediately after training, and the effects were reversed, in a dose-related manner, by AF-DX 116 (0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg, ip) administered 10 min following insulin. Since AF- DX 116 possibly blocks autoreceptors mediating the inhibition of acetylcholine release from cholinergic nerve terminals, the present data support the view that changes in the central nervous system glucose availability, subsequent to modification of circulating glucose levels, influence the activity of central cholinergic mechanisms involved in memory storage of an inhibitory avoidance response in mice. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.} } @article{Fader98, author = {A. J. Fader and A. W. Hendricson and G. P. Dohanich}, title = {Estrogen improves performance of reinforced T-maze alternation and prevents the amnestic effects of scopolamine administered systemically or intrahippocampally}, journal = {Neurobiol Learn Mem}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, pages = {225--40}, month = may, year = {1998}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance Animal Comparative Study Estradiol/*pharmacology/*physiology Female Hippocampus/drug effects/*physiology Maze Learning/*drug effects Memory/drug effects/*physiology Memory Disorders/chemically induced/physiopathology Ovariectomy Rats Rats, Inbred Strains Scopolamine/antagonists \& inhibitors Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.}, abstract = {In a previous study, administration of high doses of estradiol benzoate (100 microgram/kg for 3 days im) to ovariectomized Long-Evans rats counteracted impairments of reinforced T-maze alternation induced by systemic administration of scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker. In the current study, daily administration of lower doses of estradiol benzoate (5 microgram/kg for 3 weeks sc) increased the number of correct reinforced alternations during T-maze acquisition in ovariectomized rats compared to oil-treated controls and prevented impairments of reinforced alternation induced by injection of scopolamine hydrobromide (0.2 mg/kg ip). Furthermore, scopolamine (20 microgram) delivered bilaterally to the dorsal hippocampus reduced reinforced T-maze alternation in ovariectomized rats previously trained to complete this task while daily treatment with estradiol benzoate (5 microgram/kg sc) for 1 week prior to scopolamine infusion counteracted this impairment. In summary, physiological levels of estrogen improved performance during acquisition of reinforced T-maze alternation and prevented impairments induced by scopolamine administered systemically or intrahippocampally. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.} } @article{Teather98, author = {L. A. Teather and M. G. Packard and N. G. Bazan}, title = {Effects of posttraining intrahippocampal injections of platelet- activating factor and PAF antagonists on memory [In Process Citation]}, journal = {Neurobiol Learn Mem}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, pages = {349--63}, month = nov, year = {1998}, abstract = {The present experiments examined the effects of posttraining intrahippocampal injections of the degradative enzyme-resistant methylcarbamyl analog of the bioactive phospholipid platelet-activating factor (mc-PAF) and the platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists BN52021 and BN 50730 on memory in male Long-Evans rats trained in a hidden platform version of the Morris water maze. Following an eight-trial training session, rats received a unilateral intrahippocampal injection of mc-PAF (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 \&mgr;g/0.5 \&mgr;l), lyso-PAF (1.0 \&mgr;g/0.5 \&mgr;l), the cell surface PAF receptor antagonist BN 52021 (0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 \&mgr;g/0.5 \&mgr;l), the intracellular PAF receptor antagonist BN 50730 (2.0, 5.0, or 10.0 \&mgr;g/0.5 \&mgr;l), or vehicle (50\% DMSO in 0.9\% saline; 0.5 \&mgr;l). On a retention test conducted 24 h after training, the escape latencies of rats administered mc-PAF (1.0 or 2. 0 \&mgr;g) were significantly lower than those of the vehicle-injected controls, demonstrating a memory-enhancing effect of mc-PAF. Injections of lyso-PAF, a structurally similar metabolite of PAF, had no influence on memory, indicating that the memory-enhancing effect of mc-PAF is not caused by membrane perturbation by the phospholipid. The retention test escape latencies of rats administered BN 52021 (0.5 \&mgr;g) and BN 50730 (5. 0 or 10 \&mgr;g) were significantly higher than those of the controls, indicating a memory impairing effect of both PAF antagonists. When mc- PAF, BN 52021, or BN 50730 was administered 2 h posttraining, no effect on retention was observed, indicating a time-dependent effect of the neuroactive substances on memory storage. The findings suggest a role for endogenous PAF in hippocampal-dependent memory processes. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.} } @article{Meziane98, author = {H. Meziane and J. Dodart and C. Mathis and S. Little and J. Clemens and S. M. Paul and A. Ungerer}, title = {Memory-enhancing effects of secreted forms of the beta-amyloid precursor protein in normal and amnestic mice}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {95}, number = {21}, pages = {12683--8}, month = {Oct 13}, year = {1998}, abstract = {When administered intracerebroventricularly to mice performing various learning tasks involving either short-term or long-term memory, secreted forms of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APPs751 and APPs695) have potent memory-enhancing effects and block learning deficits induced by scopolamine. The memory-enhancing effects of APPs were observed over a wide range of extremely low doses (0.05-5,000 pg intracerebroventricularly), blocked by anti-APPs antisera, and observed when APPs was administered either after the first training session in a visual discrimination or a lever-press learning task or before the acquisition trial in an object recognition task. APPs had no effect on motor performance or exploratory activity. APPs695 and APPs751 were equally effective in the object recognition task, suggesting that the memory-enhancing effect of APPs does not require the Kunitz protease inhibitor domain. These data suggest an important role for APPss on memory processes.} } @article{Sisodia98, author = {S. S. Sisodia and M. Gallagher}, title = {A role for the beta-amyloid precursor protein in memory? [In Process Citation]}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {95}, number = {21}, pages = {12074--6}, month = {Oct 13}, year = {1998} } @InBook{Gold95, author = {Paul E. Gold}, title = {Modulation of Emotional and Nonemotional Memories: Same Pharmacological Systems, Different Neuroanatomical Systems}, chapter = 2, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = 1995, crossref = "McGaugh95" } @article{Quirarte97, author = {G. L. Quirarte and B. Roozendaal and J. L. McGaugh}, title = {Glucocorticoid enhancement of memory storage involves noradrenergic activation in the basolateral amygdala}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {94}, number = {25}, pages = {14048--53}, month = {Dec 9}, year = {1997}, keywords = {Adrenergic beta-Agonists/administration \& dosage Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/administration \& dosage Amygdaloid Body/anatomy \& histology/*drug effects/*physiology Animal Atenolol/administration \& dosage Dexamethasone/*administration \& dosage Ethanolamines/administration \& dosage Glucocorticoids, Synthetic/*administration \& dosage Male Memory/*drug effects/*physiology Norepinephrine/*physiology Propranolol/administration \& dosage Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects/physiology Receptors, Glucocorticoid/drug effects/physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.}, abstract = {Evidence indicates that the modulatory effects of the adrenergic stress hormone epinephrine as well as several other neuromodulatory systems on memory storage are mediated by activation of beta-adrenergic mechanisms in the amygdala. In view of our recent findings indicating that the amygdala is involved in mediating the effects of glucocorticoids on memory storage, the present study examined whether the glucocorticoid- induced effects on memory storage depend on beta-adrenergic activation within the amygdala. Microinfusions (0.5 microg in 0.2 microl) of either propranolol (a nonspecific beta-adrenergic antagonist), atenolol (a beta1-adrenergic antagonist), or zinterol (a beta2-adrenergic antagonist) administered bilaterally into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) of male Sprague-Dawley rats 10 min before training blocked the enhancing effect of posttraining systemic injections of dexamethasone (0.3 mg/kg) on 48-h memory for inhibitory avoidance training. Infusions of these beta-adrenergic antagonists into the central nucleus of the amygdala did not block the dexamethasone-induced memory enhancement. Furthermore, atenolol (0.5 microg) blocked the memory-enhancing effects of the specific glucocorticoid receptor (GR or type II) agonist RU 28362 infused concurrently into the BLA immediately posttraining. These results strongly suggest that beta-adrenergic activation is an essential step in mediating glucocorticoid effects on memory storage and that the BLA is a locus of interaction for these two systems.} } @article{Manabe98, author = {T. Manabe and Y. Noda and T. Mamiya and H. Katagiri and T. Houtani and M. Nishi and T. Noda and T. Takahashi and T. Sugimoto and T. Nabeshima and H. Takeshima}, title = {Facilitation of long-term potentiation and memory in mice lacking nociceptin receptors}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {394}, number = {6693}, pages = {577--81}, month = {Aug 6}, year = {1998}, keywords = {Animal Avoidance Learning Electrophysiology Hippocampus/anatomy \& histology/*physiology Learning/*physiology *Long-Term Potentiation Maze Learning Memory/*physiology Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL Mice, Knockout Opioid Peptides/*physiology Receptors, Opioid/agonists/deficiency/genetics/*physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Synaptic Transmission}, abstract = {The peptide nociceptin (also named orphanin FQ) acts in the brain to produce various pharmacological effects, including hyperalgesia and hypolocomotion. The nociceptin receptor uses guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins to mediate the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, the activation of potassium channels and inhibition of calcium channels. It has been shown using knock-out mice that the nociceptin receptor is not required for regulation of nociceptive responses or locomotion activity, but modulates the auditory function. Here we show that mice lacking the nociceptin receptor possess greater learning ability and have better memory than control mice. Histological analysis revealed the expression of both the nociceptin precursor and the nociceptin receptor in the hippocampus, thought to take part in aspects of learning and memory. Moreover, the receptor-deficient mice showed larger long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 region than control mice, without apparent changes in presynaptic or postsynaptic electrophysiological properties. These results show that the loss of the nociceptin receptor results in a gain-of-function mutation in both the memory process and the long-term potentiation mechanism in CA1, perhaps as a result of altered intracellular signal transduction systems in neurons.} } @article{Terranova96, author = {J. P. Terranova and J. J. Storme and N. Lafon and A. Perio and M. Rinaldi-Carmona and Le Fur, G. and P. Soubrie}, title = {Improvement of memory in rodents by the selective CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR 141716}, journal = {Psychopharmacology (Berl)}, volume = {126}, number = {2}, pages = {165--72}, month = jul, year = {1996}, keywords = {Age Factors Animal Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Male Memory/*drug effects Mice Piperidines/metabolism/*pharmacology Pyrazoles/metabolism/*pharmacology Rats Receptors, Drug/*antagonists \& inhibitors Scopolamine/pharmacology}, abstract = {Social short-term memory in rodents is based on the recognition of a juvenile by an adult conspecific when the juvenile is presented on two successive occasions. Cannabimimetics are claimed to induce memory deficits in both humans and animals. In the brain, they mainly bind to CB1 receptors for which anandamide is a purported endogenous ligand. SR 141716, a specific antagonist of CB1 receptors, dose-dependently reverses biochemical and pharmacological effects of cannabimimetics. More particularly, it antagonizes the inhibition of hippocampal long- term potentiation induced by WIN 55,212-2 and anandamide, and it increases arousal when given alone. The present experiments study the ability of SR 141716 (from 0.03 to 3 mg/kg SC) to facilitate short-term olfactory memory in the social recognition test in rodents. SR 141716 improved social recognition in a long intertrial paradigm with a threshold dose of 0.1 mg/kg SC. At 1 mg/kg, it antagonized the memory disturbance elicited by retroactive inhibition. Scopolamine (0.06 mg/kg IP) partially reversed its memory-enhancing effect. Moreover, SR 141716 reduced memory deficit in aged rats (0.03-0.1 mg/kg) and mice (0.3-1 mg/kg). As SR 141716 is not known to exhibit any pharmacological activity which is not mediated by CB1 receptors, the results strongly support the concept that blockade of CB1 receptors plays an important role in consolidation of short-term memory in rodents and suggest there may be a role for an endogenous cannabinoid agonist tone (anandaminergic) in forgetting.} } @InBook{Gold95b, author = {Paul E. Gold}, editor = {James L. McGaugh AND Norman M. Weinberger AND Gary Lynch}, title = {Brain and Memory: Modulation and Mediation of Neuroplasticity}, chapter = {Modulation of Emotional and Nonemotional Memories: Same Pharmacological Systems, Different Neuroanatomical Systems}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = 1995, pages = {41--74} } @InCollection{Martinez91, author = {Martinez Jr.,Joe L. AND Schulteis, Gery AND Weinberger, Susan B.}, title = {How to increase and Decrease the Strength of Memory Traces; The Effects of Drugs and Hormones}, booktitle = {Learning and Memory}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1991, editor = {Martinez Jr., Joe L. AND Kesner, Raymond P.}, chapter = 4, edition = {2nd}, pages = {149--198} } @Misc{Houlihan95, author = {Houlihan, Michael E. AND Pritchard, Walter S. AND Robinson, John H.}, title = {Effects on Smoking on Stimulus Evaluation and Response Selection}, howpublished = {Presented at the meeting of the Psychophysiological Research in Toronto}, year = 1995, month = {October}, annote = {Nicotine improves accuracy but not P300 latency. Improvements in P300 latency was not accompanied by a decreace in reaction time. Nicotine does not appear to be involved at the level of response selection. } } @Misc{Mackin95, author = {Mackin, J.C.}, title = {A brief examination of three nootropic drugs and their potential significance for learning environments}, howpublished = {Web}, year = 1995, annote = {How can nootropics be used in a class setting. } } @Article{Warburton97, author = {Warburton, E. Clea AND Harrison, Amanda A. AND Robbins, Trevor W. AND Everitt, Barry J.}, title = {Contrasting effects of systemic and intracerebral infusions of the 5-{HT_{1A}} receptor agonist {8-OH-DPAT} on spatial short-term working memory in rats}, journal = {Behavioural Brain Research}, year = 1997, volume = 84, pages = {247--258}, annote = {8-OH-DPAT given systemically decreased performance. When injected into the median raphe nucleus (which would lead to a decrease in 5-HT in the hippocampus) working memory in the DNMP task was improved, while infusions of the drug in the dorsal hippocampus impaired performance.} } @Article{Ingvar97, author = {Ingvar, Martin AND Ambros-Ingerson, Jose AND Davis, Mike AND Granger, Richard AND Kessler, Markus AND Rogers, Gary A. AND Schehr, Robert S. AND Lynch, Gary}, title = {Enhancement by and Ampakine of Memory Encoding In Humans}, journal = {Experimental Neurology}, year = 1997, volume = 146, pages = {553--559}, annote = {A drug that enhances the AMPA receptor mediated current was tested on healthy humans. It had positive effects on memory encoding in visual association, odor recognition, acquisition of a visuospatial maze and location and identity of playing cards. It did not improve a task about cued recall of verbal information.} } @Article{Brzezinski97, author = {Brzezinski, Amnon}, title = {Melatonin in Humans}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, year = 1997, volume = 336, number = 3, pages = {186--195}, annote = {Review of melatonin and its effects in humans. The hormone regulates the diurnal cycle and may enhance immune response, influence sexual maturation and protects against tumors. It can scavenge free radicals, but likely only in pharmacologic concentrations.} } @Article{Bertoni96, author = {Bertoni-Freddari, Carlo AND Fattoretti, Patrizia AND Caselli, Ugo AND Paoloni, Roberts}, title = {Acetylcarnitine Modulation of the Morphology of Rat Hippocampal Synapses}, journal = {Anal Quant Cytol Histol}, year = 1996, volume = 18, pages = {275--278}, annote = {Acetylcarnitine prevented age-related synapse loss in rat hippocampus, and increased the number of synapses. It seems that ALCAR does this by enhancing neural metabolism.} } @Article{Levin92a, author = {Levin, Edward D. AND Briggs, Sandra J. AND Christopher, Nadine C. AND Rose, Jed E.}, title = {Persistence of Chronic Nicotine-Induced Cognitive Facilitation}, journal = {Behavioral and Neural Biology}, year = {1992}, volume = 58, pages = {152--158}, annote = {Rats were administered nicotine for 3 weeks but not tested during that time. 1 week after the administration the treated rats learned faster at a working memory task (radial maze)} } @Article{Rusted92, author = {Rusted, Jennifer M. AND Warburton, David M.}, title = {Facilitation of memory by post-trial administration of nicotine: evidence for an attentional explanation}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = {1992}, volume = 108, pages = {452--455}, annote = {In post-trial smoking humans free recall of lists were imporved, but not when they were distracted during smoking.} } @Article{Warburton92, author = {Warburton, D.M. AND Rusted, J.M. AND Fowler, J.}, title = {A comparision of the attentional and consolidation hypotheses for the facilitation of memory by nicotine}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = {1992}, volume = 108, pages = {443--447}, annote = {A comparision between the mnemonic and attentional hypothesises for nicotine facilitation of human memory. Likely it does it though enhancing attention.} } @Article{Levin92b, author = {Levin, Edward D.}, title = {Nicotinic Systems and Cognitive Function}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = {1992}, volume = 108, pages = {417-431}, annote = {Nicotine improves rapid information processing, learning and memory on many tasks. It attenuates memory deficits due to septohippocampal lesions or aging.} } @Article{Dimond76, author = {Dimond, Stuart J. AND Brouwers, E. Y. M.}, title = {Increase in the Power of Human Memory in Normal Man through the Use of Drugs}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = 1976, volume = 49, pages = {307--309}, annote = {Piracetam improved verbal learning in normal volunteers. } } @Article{Deberdt94, author = {Deberdt, Walter}, title = {Interaction Between Psychological and Pharmacological Treatment in Cognitive Impairment}, journal = {Life Sciences}, year = {1994}, volume = 55, number = {25/26}, pages = {2057-2066}, annote = {Psychological and pharamacological treatments have a potentiating effect on each other in cognitive impairment; they appear to be complementary} } @Article{Mondadori94, author = {Mondadori, Cesare}, title = {In Search of the Mechanism of Action of the Nootropics: New Insights and Potential Clinical Implications}, journal = {Life Sciences}, year = {1994}, volume = 55, number = {25/26}, pages = {2171-2178}, annote = {The memory-enhancing effects of nootropics are steroid sensitive, which can explain why only some Alzheimer patients are helped.} } @Article{Mondadori96, author = {Mondadori, Cesare}, title = {Nootropics: Preclinical Results in the Light of Clinical Effects; Comparision with Tacrine}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Neurobiology}, year = {1996}, volume = 10, number = {3\&4}, pages = {357--370}, annote = {Review of preclinical findings about nootropics and comparision with tacrine.} } @Article{Sansone93, author = {Sansone, Mario AND Castellano, Claudio AND Palazzesi, Sergio AND Battaglia, Mario AND Ammassari-Teule, Martine}, title = {Effects of Oxiracetam, Physiostigmine, and Their Comination ion Active and Passive Avoidance Learning in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacology of Biochemistry and Behavior}, year = {1993}, volume = 44, number = 2, pages = {451--455}, annote = {Oxiracetam didn't help on one-trial passive avoidance training in in mice, while physiostigmine did. In a multi-trial task both drugs worked.} } @Article{Concar97, author = {Concar David}, title = {Brain Boosters}, journal = {New Scientist}, year = {1997}, month = {February 8}, pages = {32--36}, annote = {About how ampakines may help age-dependent memory loss} } @Article{Hindmarch86, author = {Hindmarch, J.}, title = {Activit\'e de l'extrait de Ginko biloba sur la m\'emoire \`a court terme}, journal = {La Presse M\`edicale}, year = {1986}, volume = 15, number = 31, month = {September}, pages = {1592--1594}, annote = {Ginko biloba extract improved short term memory in healthy female volunteers.} } @Article{Buccafusco95, author = {Buccafusco, J.J. AND Jackson, W.J. AND {Terry Jr} A.V. AND Marsh, K.C. AND Decker, M.W. AND Arneric, S.P.}, title = {Improvement in perfomance of a delayed matching-to-sample task by monkeys following {ABT}-418: a novel cholinergic channel activator for memory enhancement}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = {1995}, volume = 120, pages = {256--266}, annote = {ABT-418 shares the memory/cognitive enhancing effects of nicotine but without some of the side-effects. ABT-418 improved DMTS performance in monkeys.} } @Article{Garofalo96, author = {Garofalo, Paolo AND Colombo, Silvia AND Lanza, Marco AND Revel, Laura AND Makovec, Francesco}, title = {{CR} 2249: a New Putative Memory Enhancer. Behavioural Studies on Learning and Memory in Rats and Mice}, journal = {J. Pharm. Pharmacol.}, year = {1996}, volume = 48, pages = {1290--1297}, annote = {CR 2249 ameliorated scopolamine and ECT induced memory deficits in rats, improved normal learning when administered 45 minutes before training. CR2249 increased noradrenaline release in the hippocampus.} } @Article{Lee95, author = {Lee, E.H.Y. AND Ma, Y.L.}, title = {Amphetamine Enhances Memory Retention and Facilitates Norepinephrine Release From the Hippocampus in Rats}, journal = {Brain Research Bulletin}, year = {1995}, volume = 4, pages = {411-416}, annote = {Intra-hippocampal injections of amphetamine enhanced memory in the foot-shock test in rats and increased the release of norepinephrine.} } @Article{Jerusalinsky97, author = {Jerusalinsky, Diana AND Kornisiuk, Edgar AND Izquierdo, Iv\'an}, title = {Cholinergic Neurotransmission and Synaptic Plasticity Concerning Memory Processing}, journal = {Neurochemical Research}, year = {1997}, volume = 22, number = 4, pages = {507--515}, annote = {Cholinergic transmission may act synergetiucally with glutamatergic transmission, regulating and leading to synaptic plasticity.} } @Article{Meck89, author = {Meck, Warren H. AND Smith, Rebecca A. AND Williams, Christina L.}, title = {Organizational Changes in Cholinergic Activity and Enhanced Visuospatial Memory as a Function of Choline Administered Prenatally or Postnatally or Both}, journal = {Behavioral Neuroscience}, year = {1989}, volume = 103, number = 6, pages = {1234--1241}, annote = {Perinatal choline supplementation causes a long-term facilitative effect on working and reference memory in a radial maze task, and alterations in muscarinic receptor density. } } @Article{Ennaceur87, author = {Ennaceur, A. AND Delacour, J.}, title = {Effect of combined or separate administration of piracetam and choline on learning and memory in the rat}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = {1987}, volume = 92, pages = {58--67}, annote = {Choline improved a delayed alternation task while piracetam did not, combinations were inferior. In a recognition task only pure choline or piracetam groups were able to discriminate between familiar and new objects. Choline increased 5-HT in the hippocampus.} } @Article{Meck87, author = {Meck, Warren H. AND Smith, Rebecca A. AND Williams, Christina L.}, title = {Pre- and Postnatal Choline Supplementation Produces Long-rerm Facilitation of Spatial Memory}, journal = {Developmental Psychobiology}, year = 1987, volume = 21, number = 4, pages = {339--353}, annote = {Prenatally choline supplemented rats showed a more accurate performance on both working and reference memory tasks. } } @Article{Garner95, author = {Garner, Sanford C. AND Mar, Mei-Heng AND Zeisel, Steven H.}, title = {Choline Distribution and Metabolism in Pregnant Rats and Fetuses Are Influenced by the Choline Content of the Maternal Diet}, journal = {J. Nutrition}, year = {1995}, volume = 125, number = 11, month = {Nov}, pages = {2851--2858}, annote = {Choline Distribution and Metabolism in Pregnant Rats and Fetuses Are Influenced by the Choline Content of the Maternal Diet} } @Article{Neri95, author = {Neri, David F. AND Wiegmann, Douglas AND Stanny, Robert R. AND Shappell, Scott A. AND McCardie, Andrew AND McKay, David L.}, title = {The Effects of Tyrosine on Cognitive Performance During Extended Wakefulness}, journal = {Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine}, year = {1995}, volume = 66, number = 4, month = {April}, pages = {313--319}, annote = {Tyrosine ameliorated the performance decrement during extended wakefullness on a psychomotor task and a high-event-rate vigilance task.} } @Article{Izquierdo95, author = {Izquierdo, Iv\'an AND Fin, Cyntia AND Schmitz, Paulo K. AND Da Silva, Ricardo C. AND Jerusalinsky, Diana AND Quillfeldt, Jorge A. AND Ferreira, Maria Beatriz AND Medina, Jorge H. AND Bazan, Nicolas G.}, title = {Memory enhancement by intrahippocampal, intraamygdala, or intraentorhinal infusion of platelet-activating factor measured in an inhibitory avoidance task}, journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA}, year = {1995}, volume = 92, pages = {5047-5051}, annote = {PAF enhanced retention when infused into the hippocampus before or during training, amygdala immediately after training and the entorhinal cortex 100 min after training.} } @Article{Ragozzino96, author = {Ragozzino, Michael E. AND Unick, Katharine E. AND Gold, Paul E.}, title = {Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: Augmentation by glucose}, journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA}, year = {1996}, volume = 93, month = {May}, pages = {4693-4698}, annote = {A modest increase in glucose levels enhances memory. Glucose injections increased ACh levels during a radial maze task; glucose increases ACh release only during behavioral testing.} } @Article{Gold95, author = {Gold, Paul E.}, title = {Role of glucose in regulating the brain and cognition}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, year = {1995}, volume = {61(suppl)}, pages = {987S-995S}, annote = {Glucose enhances learning and memory in healthy aged humans, likely through influence on ACh release.} } @Article{Foreman88, author = {Foreman, Nigel AND Barraclough, Sue AND Moore, Catherine AND Mehta, Anita AND Madon, Momento}, title = {High Doses of Caffeine Impair Performance of a Numerical Version of the Stroop Task in Men}, journal = {Pharmacology, Biochemistry \& Behavior}, year = {1988}, volume = 32, pages = {399--403}, annote = {High doses of caffeine impair rapid processing of ambigious or confusing stimuli.} } @Article{Zwyghuizen90, author = {Zwyghuizen-Doorenbos, Ardith AND Roehrs, Timothy A. AND Lipschutz, Lauren AND Timms, Victoria AND Roth, Thomas}, title = {Effects of caffeine on alertness}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = {1990}, volume = 100, pages = {36--39}, annote = {Caffeine improved alertness and auditory vigilance performance.} } @Article{Mitchell92, author = {Mitchell, Paula J. AND Redman, Jennifer R.}, title = {Effects of caffeine, time of day and user history on study-related performance}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = {1992}, volume = 109, pages = {121--126}, annote = {Caffeine improved mental speed tasks but impaired verbal reasoning tasks at high doses. There appears to exist an interaction between time of day, task and drug concentration on performance.} } @Article{Jarvis93, author = {Jarvis, M.J}, title = {Does caffeine intake enhance absolute levels of cognitive performance?}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = {1993}, volume = 110, number = {1--2}, pages = {45--52}, annote = {There is a correlation between high caffeine intake and improved performance on several mental tasks (reaction time, incidental verbal memory, visuo-spatial reasoning).} } @Article{Gupta91, author = {Gupta, Uma}, title = {Effects of Caffeine on Recognition}, journal = {Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior}, year = {1993}, volume = 44, pages = {393--396}, annote = {Caffeine improvements of performance are not only task and situation specific, but also dependent on personality factors. Impulsive persons get different performance improvements from non-impulsive persons on a recognition task when given caffeine. } } @Article{Gupta91b, author = {Gupta, Uma}, title = {Differential effects of caffeine on free recall after semantic and rhyming tasks in high and low impulsives}, journal = {Psychopharmacology}, year = 1991, volume = 105, pages = {137--140}, annote = {Caffeine facilitates free recall in high impulsives after acoustic acquisition but hindered it after conceptual acquisition.} }