@InBook{Gold95b,
  author =	 {Paul E. Gold},
  editor =	 {James L. McGaugh AND Norman M. Weinberger AND Gary Lynch},
  title = 	 {Brain and Memory: Modulation and Mediation of Neuroplasticity},
  chapter = 	 {Modulation of Emotional and Nonemotional Memories: Same Pharmacological Systems, Different Neuroanatomical Systems},
  publisher = 	 {Oxford University Press},
  year = 	 1995,
  pages =	 {41--74}
}

@InCollection{Martinez91,
  author = 	 {Martinez Jr.,Joe L. AND Schulteis, Gery AND Weinberger, Susan B.},
  title = 	 {How to increase and Decrease the Strength of Memory Traces; The Effects of Drugs and Hormones},
  booktitle = 	 {Learning and Memory},
  publisher =	 {Academic Press},
  year =	 1991,
  editor =	 {Martinez Jr., Joe L. AND Kesner, Raymond P.},
  chapter =	 4,
  edition =	 {2nd},
  pages =	 {149--198}
}

@Misc{Houlihan95,
  author =	 {Houlihan, Michael E. AND Pritchard, Walter S. AND Robinson, John H.},
  title =	 {Effects on Smoking on Stimulus Evaluation and Response Selection},
  howpublished = {Presented at the meeting of the Psychophysiological Research in Toronto},
  year =	 1995,
  month =	 {October},
  annote =	 {Nicotine improves accuracy but not P300 latency. Improvements in P300 latency was not accompanied by a decreace in reaction time. Nicotine does not appear to be involved at the level of response selection. }
}

@Misc{Mackin95,
  author =	 {Mackin, J.C.},
  title =	 {A brief examination of three nootropic drugs and their potential significance for learning environments},
  howpublished = {Web},
  year =	 1995,
  annote =	 {How can nootropics be used in a class setting. }
}

@Article{Warburton97,
  author = 	 {Warburton, E. Clea AND Harrison, Amanda A. AND Robbins, Trevor W. AND Everitt, Barry J.},
  title = 	 {Contrasting effects of systemic and intracerebral infusions of the 5-{HT_{1A}} receptor agonist {8-OH-DPAT} on spatial short-term working memory in rats},
  journal = 	 {Behavioural Brain Research},
  year = 	 1997,
  volume =	 84,
  pages =	 {247--258},
  annote =	 {8-OH-DPAT given systemically decreased performance. When injected into the median raphe nucleus (which would lead to a decrease in 5-HT in the hippocampus) working memory in the DNMP task was improved, while infusions of the drug in the dorsal hippocampus impaired performance.}
}

@Article{Ingvar97,
  author = 	 {Ingvar, Martin AND Ambros-Ingerson, Jose AND Davis, Mike AND Granger, Richard AND Kessler, Markus AND Rogers, Gary A. AND Schehr, Robert S. AND Lynch, Gary},
  title = 	 {Enhancement by and Ampakine of Memory Encoding In Humans},
  journal = 	 {Experimental Neurology},
  year = 	 1997,
  volume =	 146,
  pages =	 {553--559},
  annote =	 {A drug that enhances the AMPA receptor mediated current was tested on healthy humans. It had positive effects on memory encoding in visual association, odor recognition, acquisition of a visuospatial maze and location and identity of playing cards. It did not improve a task about cued recall of verbal information.}
}

@Article{Brzezinski97,
  author = 	 {Brzezinski, Amnon},
  title = 	 {Melatonin in Humans},
  journal = 	 {New England Journal of Medicine},
  year = 	 1997,
  volume =	 336,
  number =	 3,
  pages =	 {186--195},
  annote =	 {Review of melatonin and its effects in humans. The hormone regulates the diurnal cycle and may enhance immune response, influence sexual maturation and protects against tumors. It can scavenge free radicals, but likely only in pharmacologic concentrations.}
}

@Article{Bertoni96,
  author = 	 {Bertoni-Freddari, Carlo AND Fattoretti, Patrizia AND Caselli, Ugo AND Paoloni, Roberts},
  title = 	 {Acetylcarnitine Modulation of the Morphology of Rat Hippocampal Synapses},
  journal = 	 {Anal Quant Cytol Histol},
  year = 	 1996,
  volume =	 18,
  pages =	 {275--278},
  annote =	 {Acetylcarnitine prevented age-related synapse loss in rat hippocampus, and increased the number of synapses. It seems that ALCAR does this by enhancing neural metabolism.}
}

@Article{Levin92a,
  author = 	 {Levin, Edward D. AND Briggs, Sandra J. AND Christopher, Nadine C. AND Rose, Jed E.},
  title = 	 {Persistence of Chronic Nicotine-Induced Cognitive Facilitation},
  journal = 	 {Behavioral and Neural Biology},
  year = 	 {1992},
  volume =	 58,
  pages =	 {152--158},
  annote =	 {Rats were administered nicotine for 3 weeks but not tested during that time. 1 week after the administration the treated rats learned faster at a working memory task (radial maze)}
}


@Article{Rusted92,
  author = 	 {Rusted, Jennifer M. AND Warburton, David M.},
  title = 	 {Facilitation of memory by post-trial administration of nicotine: evidence for an attentional explanation},
  journal = 	 {Psychopharmacology},
  year = 	 {1992},
  volume =	 108,
  pages =	 {452--455},
  annote =	 {In post-trial smoking humans free recall of lists were imporved, but not when they were distracted during smoking.}
}


@Article{Warburton92,
  author = 	 {Warburton, D.M. AND Rusted, J.M. AND Fowler, J.},
  title = 	 {A comparision of the attentional and consolidation hypotheses for the facilitation of memory by nicotine},
  journal = 	 {Psychopharmacology},
  year = 	 {1992},
  volume =	 108,
  pages =	 {443--447},
  annote =	 {A comparision between the mnemonic and attentional hypothesises for nicotine facilitation of human memory. Likely it does it though enhancing attention.}
}

@Article{Levin92b,
  author = 	 {Levin, Edward D.},
  title = 	 {Nicotinic Systems and Cognitive Function},
  journal = 	 {Psychopharmacology},
  year = 	 {1992},
  volume =	 108,
  pages =	 {417-431},
  annote =	 {Nicotine improves rapid information processing, learning and memory on many tasks. It attenuates memory deficits due to septohippocampal lesions or aging.}
}



@Article{Dimond76,
  author = 	 {Dimond, Stuart J. AND Brouwers, E. Y. M.},
  title = 	 {Increase in the Power of Human Memory in Normal Man through the Use of Drugs},
  journal = 	 {Psychopharmacology},
  year = 	 1976,
  volume =	 49,
  pages =	 {307--309},
  annote =	 {Piracetam improved verbal learning in normal volunteers. }
}

@Article{Deberdt94,
  author = 	 {Deberdt, Walter},
  title = 	 {Interaction Between Psychological and Pharmacological Treatment in Cognitive Impairment},
  journal = 	 {Life Sciences},
  year = 	 {1994},
  volume =	 55,
  number =	 {25/26},
  pages =	 {2057-2066},
  annote =	 {Psychological and pharamacological treatments have a potentiating effect on each other in cognitive impairment; they appear to be complementary}
}



@Article{Mondadori94,
  author = 	 {Mondadori, Cesare},
  title = 	 {In Search of the Mechanism of Action of the Nootropics: New Insights and Potential Clinical Implications},
  journal = 	 {Life Sciences},
  year = 	 {1994},
  volume =	 55,
  number =	 {25/26},
  pages =	 {2171-2178},
  annote =	 {The memory-enhancing effects of nootropics are steroid sensitive, which can explain why only some Alzheimer patients are helped.}
}

@Article{Mondadori96,
  author = 	 {Mondadori, Cesare},
  title = 	 {Nootropics: Preclinical Results in the Light of Clinical Effects; Comparision with Tacrine},
  journal = 	 {Critical Reviews in Neurobiology},
  year = 	 {1996},
  volume =	 10,
  number =	 {3\&4},
  pages =	 {357--370},
  annote =	 {Review of preclinical findings about nootropics and comparision with tacrine.}
}

@Article{Sansone93,
  author = 	 {Sansone, Mario AND Castellano, Claudio AND Palazzesi, Sergio AND Battaglia, Mario AND Ammassari-Teule, Martine},
  title = 	 {Effects of Oxiracetam, Physiostigmine, and Their Comination ion Active and Passive Avoidance Learning in Mice},
  journal = 	 {Pharmacology of Biochemistry and Behavior},
  year = 	 {1993},
  volume =	 44,
  number =	 2,
  pages =	 {451--455},
  annote =	 {Oxiracetam didn't help on one-trial passive avoidance training in in mice, while physiostigmine did. In a multi-trial task both drugs worked.}
}


@Article{Concar97,
  author = 	 {Concar David},
  title = 	 {Brain Boosters},
  journal = 	 {New Scientist},
  year = 	 {1997},
  month =	 {February 8},
  pages =	 {32--36},
  annote =	 {About how ampakines may help age-dependent memory loss}
}

@Article{Hindmarch86,
  author = 	 {Hindmarch, J.},
  title = 	 {Activit\'e de l'extrait de Ginko biloba sur la m\'emoire \`a court terme},
  journal = 	 {La Presse M\`edicale},
  year = 	 {1986},
  volume =	 15,
  number =	 31,
  month =	 {September},
  pages =	 {1592--1594},
  annote =	 {Ginko biloba extract improved short term memory in healthy female volunteers.}
}

@Article{Buccafusco95,
  author = 	 {Buccafusco, J.J. AND Jackson, W.J. AND {Terry Jr} A.V. AND Marsh, K.C. AND Decker, M.W. AND Arneric, S.P.},
  title = 	 {Improvement in perfomance of a delayed matching-to-sample task by monkeys following {ABT}-418: a novel cholinergic channel activator for memory enhancement},
  journal = 	 {Psychopharmacology},
  year = 	 {1995},
  volume =	 120,
  pages =	 {256--266},
  annote =	 {ABT-418 shares the memory/cognitive enhancing effects of nicotine but without some of the side-effects. ABT-418 improved DMTS performance in monkeys.}
}

@Article{Garofalo96,
  author = 	 {Garofalo, Paolo AND Colombo, Silvia AND Lanza, Marco AND Revel, Laura AND Makovec, Francesco},
  title = 	 {{CR} 2249: a New Putative Memory Enhancer. Behavioural Studies on Learning and Memory in Rats and Mice},
  journal = 	 {J. Pharm. Pharmacol.},
  year = 	 {1996},
  volume =	 48,
  pages =	 {1290--1297},
  annote =	 {CR 2249 ameliorated scopolamine and ECT induced memory deficits in rats, improved normal learning when administered 45 minutes before training. CR2249 increased noradrenaline release in the hippocampus.}
}

@Article{Lee95,
  author = 	 {Lee, E.H.Y. AND Ma, Y.L.},
  title = 	 {Amphetamine Enhances Memory Retention and Facilitates Norepinephrine Release From the Hippocampus in Rats},
  journal = 	 {Brain Research Bulletin},
  year = 	 {1995},
  volume =	 4,
  pages =	 {411-416},
  annote =	 {Intra-hippocampal injections of amphetamine enhanced memory in the foot-shock test in rats and increased the release of norepinephrine.}
}

@Article{Jerusalinsky97,
  author = 	 {Jerusalinsky, Diana AND Kornisiuk, Edgar AND Izquierdo, Iv\'an},
  title = 	 {Cholinergic Neurotransmission and Synaptic Plasticity Concerning Memory Processing},
  journal = 	 {Neurochemical Research},
  year = 	 {1997},
  volume =	 22,
  number =	 4,
  pages =	 {507--515},
  annote =	 {Cholinergic transmission may act synergetiucally with glutamatergic transmission, regulating and leading to synaptic plasticity.}
}

@Article{Meck89,
  author = 	 {Meck, Warren H. AND Smith, Rebecca A. AND Williams, Christina L.},
  title = 	 {Organizational Changes in Cholinergic Activity and Enhanced Visuospatial Memory as a Function of Choline Administered Prenatally or Postnatally or Both},
  journal = 	 {Behavioral Neuroscience},
  year = 	 {1989},
  volume =	 103,
  number =	 6,
  pages =	 {1234--1241},
  annote =	 {Perinatal choline supplementation causes a long-term facilitative effect on working and reference memory in a radial maze task, and alterations in muscarinic receptor density. }
}

@Article{Ennaceur87,
  author = 	 {Ennaceur, A. AND Delacour, J.},
  title = 	 {Effect of combined or separate administration of piracetam and choline on learning and memory in the rat},
  journal = 	 {Psychopharmacology},
  year = 	 {1987},
  volume =	 92,
  pages =	 {58--67},
  annote =	 {Choline improved a delayed alternation task while piracetam did not, combinations were inferior. In a recognition task only pure choline or piracetam groups were able to discriminate between familiar and new objects. Choline increased 5-HT in the hippocampus.}
}


@Article{Meck87,
  author = 	 {Meck, Warren H. AND Smith, Rebecca A. AND Williams, Christina L.},
  title = 	 {Pre- and Postnatal Choline Supplementation Produces Long-rerm Facilitation of Spatial Memory},
  journal = 	 {Developmental Psychobiology},
  year = 	 1987,
  volume =	 21,
  number =	 4,
  pages =	 {339--353},
  annote =	 {Prenatally choline supplemented rats showed a more accurate performance on both working and reference memory tasks. }
}

@Article{Garner95,
  author = 	 {Garner, Sanford C. AND Mar, Mei-Heng AND Zeisel, Steven H.},
  title = 	 {Choline Distribution and Metabolism in Pregnant Rats and Fetuses Are Influenced by the Choline Content of the Maternal Diet},
  journal = 	 {J. Nutrition},
  year = 	 {1995},
  volume =	 125,
  number =	 11,
  month =	 {Nov},
  pages =	 {2851--2858},
  annote =	 {Choline Distribution and Metabolism in Pregnant Rats and Fetuses Are Influenced by the Choline Content of the Maternal Diet}
}

@Article{Neri95,
  author = 	 {Neri, David F. AND Wiegmann, Douglas AND Stanny, Robert R. AND Shappell, Scott A. AND McCardie, Andrew AND McKay, David L.},
  title = 	 {The Effects of Tyrosine on Cognitive Performance During Extended Wakefulness},
  journal = 	 {Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine},
  year = 	 {1995},
  volume =	 66,
  number =	 4,
  month =	 {April},
  pages =	 {313--319},
  annote =	 {Tyrosine ameliorated the performance decrement during extended wakefullness on a psychomotor task and a high-event-rate vigilance task.}
}

@Article{Izquierdo95,
  author = 	 {Izquierdo, Iv\'an AND Fin, Cyntia AND Schmitz, Paulo K. AND Da Silva, Ricardo C. AND Jerusalinsky, Diana AND Quillfeldt, Jorge A. AND Ferreira, Maria Beatriz AND Medina, Jorge H. AND Bazan, Nicolas G.},
  title = 	 {Memory enhancement by intrahippocampal, intraamygdala, or intraentorhinal infusion of platelet-activating factor measured in an inhibitory avoidance task},
  journal = 	 {Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA},
  year = 	 {1995},
  volume =	 92,
  pages =	 {5047-5051},
  annote =	 {PAF enhanced retention when infused into the hippocampus before or during training, amygdala immediately after training and the entorhinal cortex 100 min after training.}
}

@Article{Ragozzino96,
  author = 	 {Ragozzino, Michael E. AND Unick, Katharine E. AND Gold, Paul E.},
  title = 	 {Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: Augmentation by glucose},
  journal = 	 {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA},
  year = 	 {1996},
  volume =	 93,
  month =	 {May},
  pages =	 {4693-4698},
  annote =	 {A modest increase in glucose levels enhances memory. Glucose injections increased ACh levels during a radial maze task; glucose increases ACh release only during behavioral testing.}
}

@Article{Gold95,
  author = 	 {Gold, Paul E.},
  title = 	 {Role of glucose in regulating the brain and cognition},
  journal = 	 {Am J Clin Nutr},
  year = 	 {1995},
  volume =	 {61(suppl)},
  pages =	 {987S-995S},
  annote =	 {Glucose enhances learning and memory in healthy aged humans, likely through influence on ACh release.}
}

@Article{Foreman88,
  author = 	 {Foreman, Nigel AND Barraclough, Sue AND Moore, Catherine AND Mehta, Anita AND Madon, Momento},
  title = 	 {High Doses of Caffeine Impair Performance of a Numerical Version of the Stroop Task in Men},
  journal = 	 {Pharmacology, Biochemistry \& Behavior},
  year = 	 {1988},
  volume =	 32,
  pages =	 {399--403},
  annote =	 {High doses of caffeine impair rapid processing of ambigious or confusing stimuli.}
}


@Article{Zwyghuizen90,
  author = 	 {Zwyghuizen-Doorenbos, Ardith AND Roehrs, Timothy A. AND Lipschutz, Lauren AND Timms, Victoria AND Roth, Thomas},
  title = 	 {Effects of caffeine on alertness},
  journal = 	 {Psychopharmacology},
  year = 	 {1990},
  volume =	 100,
  pages =	 {36--39},
  annote =	 {Caffeine improved alertness and auditory vigilance performance.}
}

@Article{Mitchell92,
  author = 	 {Mitchell, Paula J. AND Redman, Jennifer R.},
  title = 	 {Effects of caffeine, time of day and user history on study-related performance},
  journal = 	 {Psychopharmacology},
  year = 	 {1992},
  volume =	 109,
  pages =	 {121--126},
  annote =	 {Caffeine improved mental speed tasks but impaired verbal reasoning tasks at high doses. There appears to exist an interaction between time of day, task and drug concentration on performance.}
}

@Article{Jarvis93,
  author = 	 {Jarvis, M.J},
  title = 	 {Does caffeine intake enhance absolute levels of cognitive performance?},
  journal = 	 {Psychopharmacology},
  year = 	 {1993},
  volume =	 110,
  number =	 {1--2},
  pages =	 {45--52},
  annote =	 {There is a correlation between high caffeine intake and improved performance on several mental tasks (reaction time, incidental verbal memory, visuo-spatial reasoning).}
}

@Article{Gupta91,
  author = 	 {Gupta, Uma},
  title = 	 {Effects of Caffeine on Recognition},
  journal = 	 {Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior},
  year = 	 {1993},
  volume =	 44,
  pages =	 {393--396},
  annote =	 {Caffeine improvements of performance are not only task and situation specific, but also dependent on personality factors. Impulsive persons get different performance improvements from non-impulsive persons on a recognition task when given caffeine. }
}

@Article{Gupta91b,
  author = 	 {Gupta, Uma},
  title = 	 {Differential effects of caffeine on free recall after semantic and rhyming tasks in high and low impulsives},
  journal = 	 {Psychopharmacology},
  year = 	 1991,
  volume =	 105,
  pages =	 {137--140},
  annote =	 {Caffeine facilitates free recall in high impulsives after acoustic acquisition but hindered it after conceptual acquisition.}
}